Angiosarcoma

Invasive lobular carcinoma

Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)

Inflammatory breast cancer

Recurrent breast cancer

Male breast cancer

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

Paget's disease of the breast

A breast surgeon performs a lumpectomy. The chest area is completely sterilized, and the surgeon makes an incision at the lower border of the tumor, according to its predicted location based on previously taken images. Once the tumor is located, it is completely removed from the surrounding healthy breast tissue. Some of the surrounding healthy breast tissue, which may appear tumor-free to the naked eye, is also removed. This "healthy" tissue is sent for laboratory examination (under a microscope) during the operation to confirm that it is free of cancer cells.

During the lumpectomy, the sentinel node—a lymph node responsible for draining the breast area—is injected with a blue dye, which it absorbs, making it easier to locate. The lymph node is also immediately sent for laboratory examination. After laboratory examination confirms that the surrounding area and the lymph node are free of microscopic cancer cells, the surgeon can complete the surgery and re-stitch the healthy breast tissue. If microscopic cancer cells are found in the tissue surrounding the tumor, the surgeon enlarges the incision and resects the tissue, which is then sent back for laboratory testing.

Mastectomy takes one to two hours. The surgeon leaves one or more drains through the incision to drain any remaining debris and fluids from the tissue.

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Procedures used to treat breast cancer include:

1. Removing the breast cancer (lumpectomy). During a lumpectomy, which may be referred to as breast-conserving surgery or wide local excision, the surgeon removes the tumor and a small amount of surrounding healthy tissue.

A lumpectomy may be recommended to remove small tumors. Some people with larger tumors may undergo chemotherapy before surgery to shrink the tumor, achieving complete removal with a lumpectomy.

2. Removing the entire breast (mastectomy). A mastectomy is a procedure to remove all breast tissue. Most mastectomy procedures remove all breast tissue, including the lobules, ducts, fatty tissue, and some skin, including the nipple and areola (a simple or total mastectomy).

Newer surgical techniques may be an option in certain cases to improve the appearance of the breast. Skin-sparing and nipple-sparing mastectomies are increasingly common procedures for breast cancer.

3. Removing a limited number of lymph nodes (sentinel node biopsy). Your surgeon will discuss with you the role of removing the lymph nodes that first receive lymphatic drainage from the tumor to determine whether the cancer has spread to the lymph nodes.

If no cancer is found in those lymph nodes, the likelihood of finding cancer in any of the remaining lymph nodes is low, and no other nodes need to be removed.

4. Removing multiple lymph nodes (axillary lymph node dissection). Your surgeon will discuss with you the role of removing additional lymph nodes in the armpit if cancer is found in the sentinel lymph nodes.

5. Removing both breasts. Some women with breast cancer in one breast may choose to have the other (healthy) breast removed (contralateral prophylactic mastectomy) if they have a high risk of developing cancer in the other breast due to a genetic predisposition or strong family history.

Most women never develop breast cancer in one breast if they have cancer in the other breast. Discuss your risk of breast cancer with your doctor, as well as the benefits and risks of this procedure.

Before a mastectomy, the doctor will direct the patient to undergo tests as needed—blood tests: complete blood count, blood chemistry, and coagulation tests. The level of tumor markers in the blood is also checked.

The patient will also receive some important and detailed information a day or a few days before the procedure, such as an accurate diagnosis to determine the stage of the disease and determine the medical history. This is done through a series of procedures, and the patient undergoes the procedure after confirming the type of surgery.

The patient must abstain from consuming any stimulants or alcohol for 48 hours, and for 8 hours before the procedure, the patient must fast completely.

Tests and imaging for breast cancer surgery: - Electrocardiogram - Breast biopsy to determine whether the tumor is benign or malignant before surgery - PET/CT scan - Ultrasound and x-ray - CT scan